Manejo das disfunções temporomandibulares. Parte II: tratamento cirúrgico / Management of temporomandibular joint disorders. Part II: surgical treatment

Objetivo: Apresentar as modalidades de tratamentos cirúrgicas mais usadas disponíveis no arsenal terapêutico das desordens temporomandibulares (DTMs). Revisão da literatura: As DTMs são muito frequentes e são responsáveis ​​por dor e desconforto em um número importante de pacientes. A avaliação e o diagnóstico são as chaves para determinar um plano de manejo adequado dessas doenças. Embora o tratamento conservador seja bem-sucedido na maioria dos pacientes, os tratamentos cirúrgicos podem ser a única opção para aqueles que não respondem ao tratamento conservador ou para casos com indicação cirúrgica inicial como, por exemplo, algumas neoplasias articulares. Dentre as alternativas cirúrgicas, podemos citar a artrocentese, artroscopia, reposicionamento do disco articular por cirurgia aberta, discectomia e tratamentos cirúrgicos para hipermobilidade e anquilose da articulação temporomandibular. Considerações finais: A seleção adequada dos casos é requisito obrigatório para uma intervenção cirúrgica bem-sucedida, a fim de alcançar o resultado desejado do tratamento, como alívio dos sintomas e melhora da função.

Aim: To present the most commonly used surgical treatment modalities available in the therapeutic arsenal for temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Literature review: TMD is very common and is responsible for pain and dysfunction in a significant number of patients. Assessment and diagnosis are key to determining a management plan for these diseases. Although conservative treatment is successful in most patients, surgical treatments may be the only option for those who do not respond to conservative treatment or for some cases with an initial surgical indication, such as some joint neoplasms. Surgical alternatives include arthrocentesis, arthroscopy, repositioning of the articular disc by open surgery, discectomy and surgical treatments for temporomandibular joint hypermobility and ankylosis. Conclusions: Proper case selection is the mandatory requirement for successful surgical intervention in order to achieve the desired treatment outcome, such as symptom relief and improved function.

Comparison of clinical efficacy between percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal discectomy and coblation nucleoplasty in the treatment of inclusive lumbar disc herniation / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To observe clinical efficacy of percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal discectomy (PETD) and target radioffrequency thermal coblation nucleoplasty(CN) on inclusive lumbar disc herniation(LDH) in different age groups, and provide a basis for clinical formulation of precise and individualized treatments.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis of 219 patients with lumbar disc herniation treated with PETD and CN between January 2018 and June 2021 was performed, in which 107 patients were treated with PETD and 112 with CN. Patients were stratified by age into young group(≤45 years old), middle-aged group(>45 years old and <60 years old) and older group(≥60 years old). Before treatment, 3 days, 1 month and 6 months after treatment, visual analogue scale (VAS), Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, infrared thermal imaging temperature difference (△T) and lumbar range of motion (ROM) were evaluated and clinical efficacy were compared in the different age groups between two treatment methods.@*RESULTS@#①VAS and JOA score outcomes, in the same age group and the same treatment method, the VAS and JOA scores at different time points postoperatively were obviously improved (P<0.05). For the same age group and the different treatment methods, the older group had lower VAS and higher JOA scores after PETD than after CN (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the young group and middle-aged group (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in VAS and JOA scores at the same time between age groups by PETD treatment (P>0.05). The VAS was higher and the JOA score was lower in older group than in young group and middle-aged group at 1, 6 months after CN treatment(P<0.05). ②△T and ROM outcomes, in the same age group and same treatment method, postoperative △T and ROM at different time points were obviously improved(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in △T between two methods of PETD and CN at the same age(P>0.05), there was no significant difference in ROM between young group and middle-aged group(P>0.05), ROM was higher after PETD treatment than after CN treatment(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in △T and ROM at the same time between age groups by PETD treatment(P>0.05). There was no significant difference in △T between age groups by CN treatment, but the ROM was smaller in older group than in young group and middle-aged group after CN treatment(P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Both PETD and CN for inclusive LDH have good efficacy, the curative benefit for older patients receiving PETD within 6 months after surgery more than CN, and CN is more appropriate for young and middle-aged patients.

Visual trephine arthroplasty assisted percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy for lumbar disc herniation / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the clinical efficacy between visual trephine arthroplasty assisted percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (VPTED) and traditional percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy(PTED) in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 60 patients with lumbar disc herniation admitted from June 2019 to December, 2020 was retrospectively analyzed. There were 38 males and 22 females, aged from 26 to 58 years old with an average of (43.63±8.48) years, 47 cases were on L4,5 segment and 13 cases were on L5S1 segment. Among them, 32 were treated with VPTED (group A) and 28 were treated with traditional PTED (group B). The general conditions of all the patients were recorded, including intraoperative fluoroscopy times, operation time, hospital stay and surgical complications during follow-up. The arthroplasty area ratio was observed by sagittal CT at the middle level of the intervertebral foramen. Visual analogue scale (VAS) and Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score of low back pain, Oswestry disability index (ODI) were used to evaluate the clinical efficacy between two groups.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up from 9 to 15 months with an average of (12.10±1.16) months. There was no statistical difference of preoperative general data between two groups. The operation time, fluoroscopy times and hospital stay were (70.47±5.87) min, (13.66±1.34) times and (6.31±0.69) d in group A, and (90.71±7.66) min, (22.82±2.48) times and (6.54±0.92) d in group B. The operation time and intraoperative fluoroscopy times in group A were lower than those in group B(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in hospital stay between two groups (P>0.05). No obvious surgical complications were found during the follow-up in both groups. The arthroplasty area ratio in group A was (29.72±2.84)% and (29.57±2.20)% in group B, respectively, with no significant difference (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in VAS, ODI and JOA score between two groups before operation and at the final follow-up(P>0.05), but the final follow-up was significantly improved(P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The two surgical methods have definite clinical efficacy in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation. Visual trephine arthroplasty assisted percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy has the advantages of high efficiency and rapidity when establishing the channel, and can significantly reduce the operation time and intraoperative fluoroscopy times.

Treatment of degenerative lumbar lateral recess stenosis with full endoscopic lamina fenestration discectomy / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the clinical efficacy of full endoscopic lamina fenestration discectomy (Endo-LOVE) with full endoscopic transforaminal approach discectomy in the treatment of degenerative lumbar lateral recess stenosis.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis of 48 patients with degenerative lumbar lateral recess stenosis between March 2018 and March 2019 was performed. There were 32 males and 16 females, aged from 60 to 83 years old with an average of (72.9±6.5) years, course of disease ranged from 5 to 16 years with an average of (8.0±2.8) years. The patients were divided into observation group and control group according to surgical approaches. There were 28 cases in observation group, underwent Endo-LOVE surgery;and 20 cases in control group, underwent full endoscopic foraminal approach discectomy. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospitalization day and complications were observed between two groups. Visual analgue scale (VAS), Japanese Orthopaedic Association(JOA), Oswestry Disability Index(ODI), lateral crypt angle were compared between two groups. And clinical effects were evaluated by modified Macnab standard.@*RESULTS@#There was no significant difference in follow-up and operation time between two groups (P>0.05). Intraoperative blood loss was from 5 to 15 ml with an average of (8.4±3.6) ml in observation group and 5 to 25 ml with an average of (11.5±5.4) ml in control group. The hospitalization day was from 5 to 8 days with an average of (6.0±1.0) days in observation group and 6 to 9 days with an average (7.2±1.1) days in control group. Intraoperative blood loss and hospitalization day were significantly lower in observation group(P<0.05). There were no serious complications in both groups. The VAS, JOA scores, and ODI at 3-month and final follow-up were significantly improved in both groups (P<0.05), and observation group was significantly better than control group (P<0.05). The skeletal lateral crypt angle and soft lateral crypt angle were significantly greater than the preoperative angle at 3 days postoperatively(P<0.05), and observation group was significantly better than control group(P<0.05). At the final follow-up, the modified Macnab criteria was used to assess clinical efficacy, in observation group, 22 patients obtained excellent results, 5 good and 1 fair;while 11 excellent, 4 good and 5 fair in control group;the clinical efficacy of observation group was significantly better than that of control group(P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Both surgical methods are performed under direct vision, with high safety and good clinical efficacy. However, Endo-LOVE enlarged the lateral crypt more fully.

Buckling of the Ligamentum Flavum as a Rare Complication of Anterior Cervical Corpectomy and Fusion: A Case Report

Introduction and Importance Neurological deterioration due to buckling of the ligamentum flavum (LF) is an uncommon complication after anterior cervical corpectomy or discectomy with fusion. Case Presentation In this report, we present the case of a 66-year-old male who underwent anterior cervical partial corpectomy of C5 and discectomy of prolapsed C5- C6 with fusion. Postsurgery, the patient displayed signs of neurological deterioration. Upon immediate cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), posterior canal stenosis and severe compression with cord signal due to LF buckling were detected. A posterior laminectomy procedure and canal decompression at the C5-C6 level with bone fusion were performed. Clinical Discussion Patient presented with walking difficulty, then walking disability, followed by bilateral upper and lower limb paresthesia with burning sensation. Examination showed ⅘ muscle strength in both handgrips. Further investigation showed brisk deep tendon reflexes, positive Hoffman sign unilaterally, equivocal Babinski sign, and progressive quadriparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging showed mild and diffuse building of some cervical discs, with spinal cord progression. We performed an anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF); a titanium mesh with plates and screws was used for fusion, with removal of a calcified and herniated subligamentous disc. Postoperatively, upper and lower limb strength deteriorated; immediate cervical and thoracic MRI showed LF buckling, which caused canal stenosis and severe compression. Urgent posterior laminectomy and canal decompression with bone fusion was scheduled on the same day. The patient underwent physiotherapy and regained upper and lower limb strength and his ability to walk. Conclusion This indicates the possibility of neurological deterioration as a result of LF buckling, whichmay be a result of LF thickening accompanied by hyperextension in the cervical region. In this regard, immediate imaging following signs of neurological complications after anterior cervical corpectomy or discectomy warrants early detection, which results in a better prognosis.

Unilateral mydriasis: a complication of spine surgery in prone position / Midríase unilateral: uma complicação da cirurgia de coluna em decúbito ventral

Abstract Prone position though is commonly used for better access to surgical site, but may be associated with a variety of complications. Perioperative Visual Disturbances or loss is rare but a devastating complication that is primarily associated with spine surgeries in prone position. In this case we report a 42 year old ASA-II patient who developed anisocoria with left pupillary dilatation following lumbar microdiscectomy in prone position. Following further evaluation of the patient, segmental pupillary palsy of the left pupillary muscles was found to be the possible cause of anisocoria. Anisocoria partially improved but persisted till follow up.

Resumo O posicionamento em decúbito ventral, embora comumente usado para melhorar o acesso ao local cirúrgico, pode estar associado a uma variedade de complicações. Distúrbios ou perda visual no Perioperatório é uma complicação rara, mas devastadora, que está principalmente associada à cirurgia de coluna vertebral em decúbito ventral. Relatamos aqui o caso de um paciente de 42 anos de idade, ASA - II, que desenvolveu anisocoria com dilatação pupilar esquerda após microdiscetomia lombar em decúbito ventral. Após uma avaliação adicional do paciente, observamos que a paralisia segmentar dos músculos pupilares esquerdos seria a possível causa de anisocoria. A anisocoria melhorou parcialmente, mas persistiu até o acompanhamento.

Evolución de las cajas de polyetheretherketone (PEEK). Estudio clínico y radiológico / Évolution des cages en polyétheréthercétone (PEEK). Étude clinique et radiologique / Evolution of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) boxes. Clinical and radiological study

Introducción: las cajas cervicales son implantes desarrollados como una alternativa a la utilización del injerto óseo estructural para la fusión cervical anterior. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la clínica y los resultados radiológicos en una serie de pacientes sometidos a disectomía y descompresión cervical anterior, a los que se les implantó una caja PEEK. Método: estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, longitudinal de una serie de 78 pacientes incluidos en el estudio desde el año 2007 al 2013. El control radiológico incluyó radiografía anteroposterior y lateral. El seguimiento clínico y radiológico de los pacientes se llevó a cabo desde los 3 meses hasta los 12 meses. Resultados: 65 pacientes tuvieron una evolución clínica favorable (83,3 por ciento) y la evolución radiológica confirmó que 66 pacientes (84,6 por ciento) tenían una buena colocación del injerto, sin lesiones en espacios adyacentes con una fusión correcta. Conclusiones: hasta la fecha hay pocos estudios descriptivos sobre el implante de las cajas PEEK, los resultados mostrados en este trabajo están acordes a los publicados con anterioridad en este mismo campo, lo que da validez al trabajo presentado. Este estudio confirma los buenos resultados clínicos y radiológicos de pacientes a los que se les implantó una caja PEEK; se muestra su eficacia en la discectomía cervical anterior y artrodesis(AU)

Introduction: Cervical cases are implants developed as an alternative to the use of structural bone graft for anterior cervical fusion. The objective of this study was to analyze the clinical and radiological results in a series of patients submitted to anterior cervical dissectomy and decompression, to whom a PEEK box was implanted. Method: A retrospective, descriptive, longitudinal study was conducted in a series of 78 patients included in the study from 2007 to 2013. Radiological control included anteroposterior and lateral radiographies. Clinical and radiological follow-up of these patients was carried out from 3 months to 12 months. Results: 65 patients had a favorable clinical course (83.3 percent) and the radiological evolution confirmed that 66 patients (84.6 percent) had a good placement of the graft without lesions in adjacent spaces with a correct fusion. Conclusions: To date there are few descriptive studies on the implantation of PEEK boxes. This paper results are in line with those published previously in this same field, which legitimate the presented work. This study confirms the good clinical and radiological results in patients who were implanted with a PEEK box; its effectiveness in anterior cervical discectomy and arthrodesis is shown(AU)

Introduction: Les cages cervicales sont des implants développés comme alternative de la greffe osseuse structurelle pour la fusion cervicale antérieure. Le but de cette étude est d'analyser la technique et les résultats radiologiques dans une série de patients traités par discectomie et décompression cervicale antérieure, et implantation d'une cage PEEK. Méthodes: Étude rétrospective, descriptive et longitudinale d'une série de 78 patients inclus dans une étude depuis l'année 2007 jusqu'à l'année 2013. L'étude radiologique a compris des clichés en position antéro-postérieure et latérale. Le suivi clinique et radiologique des patients a pris de 3 à 12 mois. Résultats: L'évolution clinique a été satisfaisante chez 65 patients (83,3 pourcent), tandis que l'étude radiologique a confirmé que le greffon était bien placé, il n'y avait pas de lésions dans les espaces adjacentes, et la fusion était correcte chez 66 patients (84,6 pourcent). Conclusions: Jusqu'à maintenant, il y a peu d'études descriptives abordant l'implantation des cages PEEK. Le présent travail est validé, car ses résultats sont en concordance avec les travaux publiés auparavant dans ce domaine. Cette étude confirme les bons résultats obtenus chez les patients ayant subi l'implantation d'une cage PEEK ; son efficacité est démontrée dans la discectomie cervicale antérieure et l'arthrodèse(AU)

Full-endoscopic lumbar discectomy / Discectomia lombar totalmente endoscópica / Discectomía lumbar totalmente endoscópica

ABSTRACT Objective: Retrospective study of the functional outcome of patients with lumbar disc herniation who underwent full-endoscopic discectomy. Methods: Fifteen consecutive patients, 10 men and 5 women, mean age of 34.2 years, were evaluated at 15, 30, 90 and 180 days after surgery through the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) questionnaire and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of axial and lower limbs pain. Results: There was a significant improvement in ODI evaluation of patients when comparing the preoperative results with the third and sixth postoperative month (p<0.05), as well as the VAS for preoperative axial pain with respect to 15, 30 and 90 days (p<0.05) after surgery, and VAS for preoperative pain in the lower limbs with respect to 15, 90 and 180 days postoperatively (p<0.05). Conclusion: The full-endoscopic discectomy is an effective procedure which should be considered as an alternative to conventional discectomy.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estudo retrospectivo do resultado funcional de pacientes com hérnia de disco lombar submetidos à discotomia totalmente endoscópica. Métodos: Quinze pacientes consecutivos, 10 homens e cinco mulheres, com média de idade de 34,2 anos, foram avaliados após 15, 30, 90 e 180 dias do pós-operatório por meio do questionário Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) e da Escala Analógica Visual (EVA) para dor axial e nos membros inferiores. Resultados: Houve significativa melhora funcional na avaliação do ODI dos pacientes comparando-se os resultados pré-operatórios com o terceiro e sexto mês de pós-operatório (p < 0,05), bem como da EVA para dor axial pré-operatória com relação a 15, 30 e 90 dias (p < 0,05) de pós-operatório, e da EVA para dor em membro inferior pré-operatória com relação a 15, 90 e 180 dias de pós-operatório (p < 0,05). Conclusão: A discotomia totalmente endoscópica é um procedimento eficaz que deve ser considerado como uma das alternativas à discotomia convencional.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Estudio retrospectivo de los resultados funcionales en pacientes con hernia de disco lumbar sometidos a la discectomía totalmente endoscópica. Métodos: Quince pacientes consecutivos, 10 hombres y 5 mujeres, con edad promedio de 34,2 años, fueron evaluados después de 15, 30, 90 y 180 días de la cirugía y respondieron el cuestionario Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) y la Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) para el dolor axial y de las extremidades inferiores. Resultados: Hubo una mejora significativa en la evaluación funcional del ODI de los pacientes al comparar los resultados preoperatorios con el tercer y sexto mes después de la cirugía (p < 0,05), así como la EVA para el dolor axial preoperatorio con respecto a 15, 30 y 90 días (p < 0,05) después de la cirugía y EVA para el dolor en el miembro inferior con respecto al preoperatorio y 15, 90 y 180 días después de la intervención (p < 0,05). Conclusión: La discectomía totalmente endoscópica es un procedimiento eficaz que debe ser considerado como una alternativa a la discectomía convencional.

Hernia discal lumbar, una visión terapéutica / Une vision thérapeutique / Lumbar disc herniation, a therapeutic vision

INTRODUCCIÓN: la radiculopatía por hernia de disco lumbar es la mayor causa de morbilidad que enfrentan los cirujanos espinales. Existen múltiples estrategias de tratamiento para esta afección, sin consenso actual entre secuestrectomía y discectomía, y sobre la necesidad de fusionar el segmento. OBJETIVO: mostrar nuestros resultados a los 4 años de seguimiento, en el tratamiento quirúrgico de la hernia discal lumbar mediante discectomía foraminal. MÉTODO: estudio descriptivo prospectivo en pacientes diagnosticados con hernias discales lumbares y tratados quirúrgicamente mediante discectomía foraminal simple y evaluados 4 años después RESULTADOS: muestra constituida por 67 pacientes, la mayoría (62,69 %) del sexo masculino; edad media cercana a los 40 años en ambos sexos. Se confirmó el diagnóstico en el 85,3 % de los casos mediante IRM. Predominó la localización L5-S1 y L4-L5, con 16 % de más de un segmento. El índice de Oswestry y la Escala Visual Analógica del dolor mostraron significativa mejoría a los 4 años de operados. CONCLUSIONES: el tratamiento quirúrgico de las hernias de disco mediante discectomía foraminal simple, según nuestra experiencia, produce buenos resultados; a los 4 años de efectuada la operación se constató disminución del dolor y mejoría de la función.

INTRODUCTION: Radiculopathy by lumbar disc herniation is a major cause of morbidity faced by spinal surgeons. There are many treatment strategies for this condition, and no current consensus among sequestrectomy and discectomy, and the need to merge the segment. OBJECTIVE: Show our results at 4 years of follow-up in the surgical treatment of lumbar disc herniation by foraminal discectomy. METHOD: A prospective study was conducted in patients diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation and foraminal surgically treated by simple discectomy and assessed four years later. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 67 patients, the majority (62.69%) was male; average age of nearly 40 years in both sexes. The diagnosis was confirmed in 85.3% of cases by MRI. L5-S1 and L4-L5 locations predominated, with 16% of more than one segment. Oswestry index and the Visual Analog Scale for pain showed significant improvement after four years of surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The surgical treatment of herniated discs by simple foraminal discectomy, in our experience, has good results; at four years of operation pain decrease and improvement in function was found

INTRODUCTION: La radiculopathie par hernie discale lombaire est la cause de morbidité la plus souvent traitée par les chirurgiens spécialisés en moelle épinière. Il y a plusieurs stratégies de traitement pour cette affection, mais aujourd'hui il n'y a pas de consensus ni entre la séquestrectomie et la discectomie ni sur la nécessité de fusionner le segment. OBJECTIF: Le but de ce travail est de montrer, après 4 ans de suivi, nos résultats à propos du traitement chirurgical d'une hernie discale lombaire par décompression foraminale. MÉTHODE: Une étude descriptive et prospective de patients diagnostiqués de hernie discale lombaire, traités chirurgicalement par décompression foraminale simple et évalués quatre ans après, a été réalisée. RÉSULTATS: Dans un échantillon de 67 patients, dont la plupart étaient du sexe masculin (62,69 %) et avaient un moyen d'âge de 40 ans environ chez tous les deux sexes, on a confirmé le diagnostic par IRM dans 85,3 % des cas. Les hernies ont été souvent localisées aux niveaux L5-S1 et L4-L5, dont 16 % correspondait à plus d'un segment. Quatre ans après l'opération, l'indice d'Oswestry et l'échelle visuelle analogique de douleur ont montré une amélioration significative. CONCLUSIONS: D'après notre expérience, le traitement chirurgical des hernies discales lombaires par décompression foraminale simple a montré de très bons résultats. Quatre ans après l'opération, on a constaté une diminution de la douleur et une amélioration de la fonction.

Randomized clinical trial comparing lumbar percutaneous hydrodiscectomy with lumbar open microdiscectomy for the treatment of lumbar disc protrusions and herniations

OBJECTIVES: Hydrodiscectomy is a new technique used for percutaneous spinal discectomy that employs a high-intensity stream of water for herniated disc ablation and tissue aspiration. No previous clinical study has examined the effects of percutaneous hydrodiscectomy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcomes of hydrodiscectomy compared to open microdiscectomy regarding pain, function, satisfaction, complications and recurrence rates. METHODS: In this randomized clinical trial, patients referred to our tertiary hospital for lumbar back pain were recruited and included in the study if they had disc protrusion or small herniation in only one level, without neurological deficits and with no resolution after six weeks of conservative treatment. One group underwent open microdiscectomy, and the other group underwent percutaneous microdiscectomy via hydrosurgery. Function was evaluated using the Oswestry Disability Index and pain was assessed using a visual analog scale. Evaluations were performed preoperatively, and then during the first week and at one, three, six and twelve months postoperatively. Personal satisfaction was verified. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01367860. RESULTS: During the study period, 20 patients were included in each arm and 39 completed one-year of follow-up (one patient died of unrelated causes). Both groups exhibited equal improvement on the visual analog scale and Oswestry evaluations after treatment, without any significant differences. The improvement in the lumbar visual analog scale score was not significant in the hydrodiscectomy group (p=0.138). The rates of infection, pain, recurrence and satisfaction were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous hydrodiscectomy was demonstrated to be as effective as open microdiscectomy for reducing pain. The rates of complications and recurrence of herniation were similar between groups. Patient satisfaction with the treatment was also similar between groups.

Biportal Endoscopic Spinal Surgery for Recurrent Lumbar Disc Herniations

The major problems of revision surgery for recurrent lumbar disc herniation (LDH) include limited visualization due to adhesion of scar tissue, restricted handling of neural structures in insufficient visual field, and consequent higher risk of a dura tear and nerve root injury. Therefore, clear differentiation of neural structures from scar tissue and adhesiolysis performed while preserving stability of the remnant facet joint would lower the risk of complications and unnecessary fusion surgery. Biportal endoscopic spine surgery has several merits including sufficient magnification with panoramic view under very high illumination and free handling of instruments normally impossible in open spine surgery. It is supposed to be a highly recommendable alternative technique that is safer and less destructive than the other surgical options for recurrent LDH.

Microdiscectomia lombar: acessos interlaminar e intertransverso com uso de afastador de Caspar tubular cilíndrico e dreno de Penrose como auxiliar no afastamento da musculatura ­ estudo de 502 casos / Lumbar Microdiscectomy: Interlaminar and Intertransverso Access using Tubular Retractor Caspar Cylindrical and Penrose Drain as an Aid in Muscular Retraction ­ Study of 502 Cases

Os autores fazem uma revisão da literatura abordando conhecimentos neuroanatômicos da raiz e do gânglio da raiz dorsal. Descrevem a técnica para os acessos interlaminar e intertransverso com o uso de afastador de Caspar tubular cilíndrico e dreno de Penrose como auxiliares no afastamento da musculatura. Basearam-se em 502 casos operados em 25 anos. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever uma técnica com incisão pequena na pele, baixa agressividade para as estruturas anatômicas, sem perda funcional da musculatura paravertebral, campo cirúrgico amplo, facilidade de execução com as duas mãos, alta hospitalar precoce em torno de 24 horas e baixo custo.

The authors review the literature addressing neuro-anatomical knowledge of the root and root ganglion dorsal. Describe the technique for the interlaminar and intertransverso access using tubular retractor Caspar cylindrical Penrose drain as an aid in muscular retraction. Based-seem 502 cases operated in 25 years. The objective of this paper is to describe a technique with small skin incision, low aggressiveness anatomical structures without functional loss of paraspinal musculature, broad surgical field, easy work with both hands, high early hospital about 24 hours and low cost.

Espondilolistesis lumbar degenerativa de un solo segmento tratada con espaciador interespinoso / Single-segment degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis treated with an interspinous spacer

Antecedentes: El término de espondilolistesis degenerativa acuñado por Newman en 1963, es el deslizamiento hacia adelante de una vértebra inmediatamente inferior sin lisis ístmica. Se observa predominantemente en personas mayores de 40 años, con un predominio de 4:1 del sexo femenino, teniendo una prevalencia de 7.5% en hombres y 28% en mujeres, respectivamente en pacientes con lumbalgia mayores a 50 años. Material y métodos: Evaluar a un año el resultado del uso de espaciadores dinámicos en listesis grado 1 de Meyerding utilizando la escala de incapacidad de Oswestry. Se revisa el historial electrónico y radiográfico de los pacientes según los criterios en el período de Enero 2008 a Diciembre 2010 con el propósito de realizar un estudio de cohortes, retrospectivo, longitudinal y observacional. Resultados: El Oswestry prequirúrgico fue de 3.4% leve, 55.2% moderado y 41.4% severo; mientras que el postquirúrgico fue de 79.3% leve y 20.7% moderado. La cirugía más comúnmente realizada fue exploración y liberación con 72.4%, presentando discectomía únicamente en 27.6%. Los pacientes presentaron dolor irradiado a miembro pélvico derecho en 37.9%, miembro pélvico izquierdo en 44.8% y a ambos miembros pélvicos en 17.2%. Se presentó dolor postquirúrgico irradiado a miembro pélvico únicamente en 2.4%, siendo que en 100% de los casos presentaron algún tipo de dolor irradiado. Se utilizó espaciador DIAM en 79.3% y Wallis en 20.7%. Conclusiones: El tratamiento con espaciador interespinoso presenta un bajo índice de reintervención y, por lo menos a un año, presenta mejoría significativa en el índice de incapacidad.

Background: The term degenerative spondylolisthesis, coined by Newman in 1963, refers to the forward slippage of an immediately inferior vertebra without isthmic lysis. It occurs predominantly in individuals over 40 years of age and affects mainly women, with a female:male ratio of 4:1. Prevalence is 7.5% in males and 28% in females among patients over 50 years of age with low back pain. Material and methods: Assess the one-year results of the use of dynamic spacers for Meyerding grade 1 listhesis with the Oswestry disability scale. The patient's electronic and radiographic records from January 2008 to December 2010 were reviewed according to different criteria to conduct a retrospective, longitudinal and observational cohort study. Results: The preoperative Oswestry score was 3.4% mild, 55.2% moderate, and 42.4% severe; the postoperative score was 79.3% mild and 20.7% moderate. The most common surgical procedure was exploration and release in 72.4% of patients; only 27.6% underwent diskectomy. Pain irradiating to the right pelvic limb occurred in 37.9% of patients, to the left pelvic limb in 44.8%, and to both pelvic limbs in 17.2%. Only 2.4% of patients experienced postoperative pain that irradiated to the pelvic limb, as 100% of cases had some type of irradiating pain. A DIAM spacer was used in 79.3% and a Wallis device in 20.7%. Conclusions: Treatment with an interspinous spacer results in a low reoperation rate and, at least one year later, it resulted in a significant improvement in the disability rate.

Tratamiento postquirúrgico de hernia discal lumbar en rehabilitación: Revisión sistemática / Postoperative treatment for lumbar disc herniation during rehabilitation: Systematic review

Existen diversos programas e intervenciones para la rehabilitación de pacientes postoperados por hernia discal lumbar (HDL) sintomática. Para determinar el valor de las diferentes intervenciones de rehabilitación dentro del tratamiento postoperatorio de pacientes con HDL sintomática. Material y métodos: Revisión Sistemática. Búsqueda en bases de datos electrónicas desde Enero del 2000 hasta Octubre del 2012. Dos revisores independientes certificados para el uso de la escala PEDro evaluaron los ensayos clínicos incluidos en la revisión final; se incluyeron únicamente aquéllos con alta calidad metodológica; un tercer evaluador fungió de árbitro en caso de discrepancia entre los revisores. Hubo cegamiento de autores, instituciones y revistas para mejorar la precisión de calificaciones y validez interevaluador. Resultados: Se consideraron 15 ensayos clínicos para ser revisados por los evaluadores; 8 (53.3%) se consideraron de alta calidad metodológica (promedio 7.7 de 10 puntos). Se aleatorizaron 1099 participantes a diferentes grupos de tratamiento. No fue posible realizar un metaanálisis con los datos de los ensayos debido a las múltiples intervenciones y variables de desenlace utilizadas. Conclusiones: Se recomienda un programa de rehabilitación inmediata en pacientes postoperados por primera vez de microdisectomía. La intervención cognitiva con reforzamiento positivo aunado al ejercicio es un tratamiento eficaz; incluso se considera alternativo a la fusión vertebral en pacientes postoperados por HDL con recurrencia de síntomas posterior a una primera intervención. Los resultados de la actividad postquirúrgica temprana son generalmente excelentes y sin complicaciones. Se requiere aumentar el número y calidad metodológica de ensayos clínicos enfocados al tema para sustentar la utilidad de estas intervenciones en la práctica clínica diaria.

Various programs and interventions are available for the rehabilitation of patients who have undergone surgery for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation (LDH). Our aim is to determine the value of the different rehabilitation interventions included in the postoperative treatment of patients with symptomatic LDH. Material and methods: Systematic review. Search in electronic data bases from January 2000 to October 2012. Two independent reviewers certified in the use of the PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Data Base) scale assessed the clinical trials included in the final version; only those with high methodological quality were included. A third reviewer acted as arbitrator in case of discrepancy between reviewers. The reviewers were blinded to the authors, institutions and journals to increase the precision of their ratings and the inter-reviewer validity. Results: Fifteen clinical trials were reviewed by the reviewers; 8 (53.3%) were considered as having a high methodological quality (average of 7.7/10). Were randomized 1099 participants to different treatment groups. It was not possible to conduct a meta-analysis with the clinical trial data due to the multiple interventions and outcome measures used. Conclusions: An immediate rehabilitation program is recommended in patients undergoing micro-diskectomy for the first time. Cognitive intervention with positive reinforcement together with exercise is an effective treatment. It is even considered as an alternative to vertebral fusion in patients who underwent LDH surgery with symptom recurrence after the first surgery. The results of early postoperative activity are usually excellent and involve no complications. The number and the methodological quality of the clinical trials on this topic need to be increased to justify the usefulness of these interventions in the daily clinical practice.

Osteomielitis vertebral lumbar / Ostéomyélite vertébrale lombaire / Lumbar vertebral osteomyelitis

Se mostró la terapéutica médica y quirúrgica ante un caso con osteomielitis vertebral secundaria a discectomía, mediante el estudio observacional descriptivo en un paciente de 50 años de edad, afecto de hernia discal del 5to. espacio lumbar, a quien se le había practicado discectomía abierta; que ingresó a los 15 días con un cuadro doloroso lumbar e hipertermia de 39 °C.Se hizo una revisión actualizada del tema de osteomielitis vertebral y se expuso la terapéutica quirúrgica y antimicrobiana realizada al paciente. Luego de desbridamientos quirúrgicos seriados demandantes y secuenciales, así como de irrigación continua, se observó la resolución del cuadro infeccioso y del cuadro radicular que presentaba el paciente. En consulta externa se reflejó la negatividad de las investigaciones analíticas de infección a los 4 meses de evolución. Se concluyó que es importante ante los signos clínicos de infección (dolor, fiebre), realizar una tomografía axial computarizada en un paciente con discectomía abierta, para ver la repercusión ósea y operar lo antes posible. La modalidad de desbridamiento secuencial y demandante con una irrigación continua de solución salina fisiológica 0,9 por ciento con antibiótico sensible al microorganismo, da resultados satisfactorios(AU)

Surgical and medical therapy was shown in a case of vertebral osteomyelitis secondary to disectomy by means of a descriptive observational study conducted in a 50 years old patient affected by herniation of the fifth lumbar disk that had undergone open disectomy; who was admitted 15 days after this with a painful lumbar manifestation and hyperthermia of 39 °C. An updated review of the topic of vertebral osteomyelitis was made and the surgical and antimicrobial therapy followed in the patient was shown. After demanding sequential serial surgical debridements with continuous irrigation, the resolution of the infectious and radicular manifestation that the patient presented was observed. The negative impacts of the analytical investigations of infection were presented in the outpatient consultation after four months of evolution. It was concluded that, in the presence of clinical signs of infection such as pain and fever, it is important to indicate a CT-scan to a patient who had undergone open disectomy to observe the osseous percussion and operate on as soon as possible. The modality of demanding sequential serial surgical debridement with continuous irrigation with 0.9 percent physiological saline solution and a sensitive antibiotic to the microorganism gives satisfactory results(AU)

Une étude observationnelle descriptive d'un patient âgé de 50 ans, atteint de hernie discale du 5e espace lombaire et d'ostéomyélite vertébrale, après discectomie ouverte, a permis de montrer la thérapeutique médicale et chirurgicale à suivre dans ces cas. Ce patient avait été hospitalisé 15 jours auparavant avec un tableau douloureux lombaire et une hyperthermie de 39 °C. Après avoir fait une révision actualisée du sujet de l'ostéomyélite vertébrale, une thérapeutique chirurgicale et antimicrobienne a été proposée. Des débridements chirurgicaux sériés et séquentiels, ainsi qu'irrigation continue, ont assuré la résolution de l'infection et du syndrome radiculaire affectant le patient. En consultation externe, les examens ont été négatifs d'infection en 4 mois. On a conclu qu'il est important d'effectuer une tomographie axiale informatisée chez un patient traité par discectomie ouverte avec des signes cliniques d'infection tels que douleur et fièvre, afin de déceler des séquelles osseuses et d'opérer le plus rapide que possible. La technique de débridement séquentiel, avec irrigation continue par solution saline physiologique à 0,9 pourcent et antibiothérapie sensible au micro-organisme, a des résultats satisfaisants(AU)

Seguridad de la práctica de la discectomía lumbar bajo régimen ambulatorio / Safety of the practice of lumbar discectomy under ambulatory procedure

La gran demanda social que acoge la atención de los pacientes con hernia discal lumbar, obliga la aplicación de sistemas que mejoren la reinserción social de los pacientes. Objetivo: valorar la seguridad de la realización de la discectomía lumbar de forma ambulatoria. Método: se practicó un estudio cuasiexperimental, longitudinal y prospectivo con todos los pacientes sometidos a discectomía lumbar de forma ambulatoria en el servicio de Neurocirugía de Camagüey, desde el primero de enero de 2010 hasta el 31 de marzo de 2011. Se utilizó un grupo de control externo obtenido de otras investigaciones realizadas en el servicio. Los indicadores analizados fueron: frecuencia de pacientes operados, técnicas anestésicas y quirúrgicas empleadas, complicaciones, necesidad de ingreso hospitalario y frecuencia de reintervenciones quirúrgicas. Se aplicaron técnicas descriptivas para variables no paramétricas y chi-cuadrado. Resultados: se operaron de forma ambulatoria 73 pacientes, en el 40 por ciento se aplicó anestesia peridural, el 46,56 por ciento de los enfermos se operó mediante fenestración interlaminar o microdiscectomía de Caspar y el 86,3 por ciento no presentó complicaciones, dato con significación estadística respecto al grupo control. Conclusiones: se comprobó en esta serie de pacientes que la realización de la discectomía lumbar de forma ambulatoria, constituye un método seguro y eficiente en el tratamiento quirúrgico

The great social demand for patients'care with lumbar disk hernia requires the use of systems that improve social reintegration of these patients. Objective: to evaluate the safety of ambulatory lumbar discectomy. Method: a quasi-experiment, longitudinal and prospective study was conducted with all patients who underwent ambulatory lumbar discectomy at the Neurosurgical unit in Camagüey, from January 1st, 2010 to March 31st, 2011. An external control group was obtained from previous researches carried out in the unit. The analyzed indicators were: frequency of operated patients, anesthetic and surgical techniques used, complications, and the need of hospital admissions, as well as, the frequency of surgical reinterventions. Descriptive techniques of non parametric variables and chi-squared test were applied. Results: 73 patients were operated on ambulatory procedure, peridural anesthesia was used in 40 percent of patients, the 46, 56 percent of sick people had interlaminar fenestration or Caspar's microdiskectomy and the 86, 3 percent had no complications, value with statistical significance regarding the control group. Conclusion: in this series of patients was demonstrated that ambulatory lumbar discectomy, constitutes a safe and effective method in surgical treatment

La discebtomia simple como tratamiento en el síndrome de compresión radicular lumbar / Simple discectomy in the treatment of lumbar radicular compression syndrome

Para el tratamiento de la compresión radicular lumbar se presentan los resultados obtenidos utilizando la discectomía simple lumbar (Laminotomía bilateral asociadaa discectomía bilateral), en 1214 pacientes que sufrían de dolor lumbar o lumbociática incapacitante. El procedimiento incluye una amplia Laminotomía bilateral, facetectomía parcial y bilateral, superior e inferior, discectomía bilateral osteotomía en V de las apófisis espinosas comprometidas y foraminotomía uni o bilateralcuando estuvieron indicadas. El tiempo de evolución promedio pre-operatorio fue de 3 años y un mes. Todos los pacientes fueron estudiados clínicamente, incluyendo exámenes musculares, neurológicos y de laboratorio. Se analizaron radiografías estáticas y dinámicas de la columna lumbar y en todos se practicó tomografía axial computada desde el segmento L3 al sacro y/o Resonancia Magnética de acuerdo al caso. El control postoperatorio promedio fue de 2 años; 97.1% de los pacientes presentaron un resultado excelente. En el 2.2% de los pacientes no se obtuvieron cambios significativos y no hubo resultados negativos. El 97% de los pacientes con déficit motor volvieron a la normalidad y regresaron a sus actividades habituales en 6 a 8 semanas promedio. No se presentaron complicaciones intraoperatorias, postoperatorias ni de tipo infeccioso. Se concluye que el método es beneficioso y justificable su aplicación en nuestro medio.

Results obtained by using simple discectomy (bilateral laminotomy and discectomy associated) are shown for treatment of lumbar radicular compression syndrome in 1214 patient suffering low-back pain or lumbo-sciatic disableness. The surgical procedure includes ample bilateral laminotomy, partial and bilateral facetectomy, both upper and lower, bilateral discectomy, osteotomy in “V” of the involved spinal processes and uni or bilateral foraminotomy. Preoperative average evolution was 3 years and one month. All patient were clinically studied including physical examination, muscle and neurological examination and laboratory test. Both staticand dynamic roentgenography of the lumbar spine were taken out and Tomography and/or Magnetical Resonancy scan from the L3 segment to the sacrum was performed accord in the every cases. Postoperative average follow up was of 2 years; 97.1% of the patients showed excellent results. 2.2% of the patients did not show any significant changes. There were no negativeresults; 97% of the patients no showing motor and sensitivity deficit, returned to normal activities after 6 to 8 weeks. No infection, intraoperative nor postoperative complications developed. It was concluded that this surgical procedure is benefical, safe and justifiable in this situation.

Microdiscectomia lombar tubular com o uso de seringas descartáveis de diâmetros progressivos: resultados cirúrgicos / Tubular lumbar microdiscectomy using disposable syringes of progressive diameters: surgical results / Microdiscectomía lumbar tubular con el uso de seringas desechables de diámetros progresivos: resultados quirúrgicos

Descrever técnica minimamente invasiva para abordagem das hérnias discais com material de baixo custo. MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo da avaliação dos resultados cirúrgicos de dez pacientes submetidos à microdiscectomia lombar tubular com uso de seringas descartáveis de diâmetros progressivos. RESULTADOS: utilizando os critérios de MacNab modificados, 60 por cento dos pacientes apresentaram resultados considerados excelentes, 30 por cento bons e 10 por cento razoáveis. O tempo médio de cirurgia foi de 70 minutos e o de permanência hospitalar, de 14 horas. CONCLUSÃO: o uso de seringas descartáveis para microdiscectomia tubular foi seguro, de baixo custo e com resultados preliminares semelhantes aos da literatura para o tratamento minimamente invasivo da hérnia discal lombar.

To describe a minimally invasive technique to treat lumbar disc herniation with low-cost material. METHODS: this is a prospective evaluation of ten patients submitted to a tubular lumbar microdiscectomy with disposable syringes for herniated disc. The modified MacNab criteria were used to evaluate the surgical results. RESULTS: according to the modified MacNab criteria, surgical results were divided in: excellent in 60 percent, good in 30 percent and reasonable in 10 percent. The mean surgical time was 70 minutes and the mean hospital stay was 14 hours. CONCLUSION: the minimal invasive tubular microdiscectomy with disposable syringes is a feasible technique which obtains good results at a low cost, and the surgical results were similar to the recent literature about the treatment of herniated lumbar disc disease.

Describir una técnica mínimamente invasiva para el abordaje de las hernias discales con material de bajo costo y de fácil acceso. MÉTODOS: estudio prospectivo de la evaluación de los resultados quirúrgicos de diez pacientes sometidos a una microdiscectomía lumbar utilizando jeringas desechables de diámetros progresivos. RESULTADOS: utilizando los criterios de MacNab cambiados, un 60 por ciento de los pacientes tuvieron resultados considerados como excelentes, el 30 por ciento buenos y el 10 por ciento razonables. El tiempo medio de cirugía fue 70 minutos y de permanencia en el hospital fue de 14 horas. CONCLUSIÓN: los resultados del estudio indican que la técnica es viable, de bajo costo y con resultados similares a los reportados en la literatura para el tratamiento mínimamente invasivo de la hernia discal lumbar.

Discectomia simples: ainda há espaço para a técnica / Lumbar discectomy: is there still place for the technique / Discectomía lumbar: todavía hay espacio para la técnica

OBJETIVO: avaliar retrospectivamente os resultados a longo prazo do procedimento de discectomia convencional como tratamento de dor ciática causada por hérnia discal lombar. MÉTODOS: análise retrospectiva de 96 pacientes com hernia discal lombar, submetidos à discectomia convencional, com acompanhamento mínimo de dois anos. RESULTADOS: pacientes apresentavam ciática esquerda em 54 por cento dos casos, com hérnia discal extrusa em 60 por cento e 48 por cento no nível L4-5; média de idade de 42 anos, 53 por cento do sexo feminino, VAS médio de 9,6 no pré-operatório e 2,2 no pós-operatório. CONCLUSÃO: a discectomia convencional mostrou-se eficaz no tratamento da dor ciatica originada por hernia discal lombar, com baixo custo e restabelecimento precoce do paciente.

OBJECTIVES: retrospective evaluation of long term results of conventional discectomia as treatment to sciatic pain caused by lumbar disc hernia. METHODS: retrospective analysis of 96 patients with lumbar disc hernia submitted to conventional discectomia, with minimum follow-up of 2 years. RESULTS: the patients presented left sciatic pain in 54 percent of the cases, with extruded herniation in 60 percent and 48 percent in the L4-5 level; mean age of 42 years, 53 percent female , medium VAN of 9.6 in preoperative and 2.2 in postoperative. CONCLUSION: the conventional discectomia was efficient in the treatment of sciatic pain originated by lumbar discal hernia, with low cost and fast recovery of the patient.

OBJETIVOS: evaluar de manera retrospectiva los resultados a largo plazo del procedimiento del discectomía convencional como tratamiento de dolor de la ciática causado por hernia discal lumbar. MÉTODOS: análisis retrospectiva de 96 pacientes con hernia discal lumbar, que fueron sometidos al discectomía convencional, con el acompañamiento mínimo de dos años. RESULTADOS: los pacientes presentaron ciática izquierda en el 54 por ciento de los casos, con extrusa discal de la hernia en el 60 por ciento y el 48 por ciento en el nivel L4-5; una media de la edad de 42 años, el 53 por ciento correspondiente al sexo femenino; el medio EAV de 9.6 en el pre-operatorio y 2.2 en el postoperatorio. CONCLUSIÓN: el discectomía convencional se reveló eficiente en el tratamiento del dolor de la ciática originado por hernia discal lumbar, con bajo costo y restablecimiento precoz del paciente.